Understanding Gallstones and Gallbladder Surgery

Gallstones affect millions of people. In the United States, approximately 10% to 15% of the population has these hardened deposits of bile. While gallstones can affect anyone, they are notably more common in women than in men, with prevalence rates typically peaking as individuals move into midlife and beyond. In many cases, these stones remain asymptomatic; however, they can impact your quality of life when they cause symptoms. 

The Role of the Gallbladder

The gallbladder acts as a reservoir for bile, a fluid produced by the liver that helps digest fatty foods. When you eat, your body signals the gallbladder to release that stored bile into your intestines. Problems arise when the gallbladder stops functioning correctly, often due to the formation of gallstones. When these stones block the flow of bile, they can cause significant pain and inflammation.

Why You Cannot Just Remove the Stones

A frequent question surgeons hear is, “Can you just remove the stones and leave my gallbladder?” 

Molly E. Russo, MD, a board-certified general surgeon and fellowship-trained hepatobiliary surgeon, explains why this is not an effective solution. "Removing only the stones is not recommended because the gallbladder will continue to form them," Dr. Russo says. "The stones are a symptom of the gallbladder’s dysfunction. We must address the source of the problem, which is the organ itself."

Additionally, cutting into the gallbladder to extract stones carries a risk of bile and debris spilling into the abdomen, which can cause infections and complications.

When is Surgery Necessary?

Surgery for gallstone disease is often elective. However, doctors may recommend removal once symptoms begin to disrupt your life.

"When you experience recurring issues, you risk an acute attack," Dr. Russo says. "I generally recommend gallbladder removal when the condition affects your daily life. It is better to address this electively than to wait until you require emergency surgery."

Criteria for Gallbladder Removal

Surgeons often perform a cholecystectomy, or gallbladder removal, when the organ’s function is compromised. You and your surgeon may consider this procedure if:

• You experience frequent or severe gallbladder attacks, which include persistent pain in the upper right abdomen, back and shoulder.

• You have developed complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder, blocked bile ducts or pancreas inflammation.

• Imaging confirms persistent issues that do not resolve with conservative treatments like dietary changes.

• There is a risk of more serious pathology, such as large polyps or anatomical concerns.

The Road to Recovery

Modern surgical techniques, including laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery, allow for efficient recovery. Most patients return to normal activities within one to two weeks.

Regarding life after surgery, Dr. Russo notes that most people adapt well. "Patients can live normal lives after gallbladder surgery," she says. "The liver continues to produce bile, though it no longer releases in timed bursts with meals. While it takes some time for the body to adjust, most people return to their normal routines."

While patients should reintroduce higher-fat foods slowly, the goal of the surgery is to restore baseline health and eliminate recurring pain. If you experience persistent abdominal pain, consult a specialist to discuss a care plan.

Take the Next Step for Your Health

Persistent abdominal pain should not be ignored. Whether you deal with infrequent discomfort or recurring episodes that disrupt your daily life, consulting with a specialist helps you  determine your next steps.